Senegalese Women
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Women in Senegal have a traditional social status as shaped by local custom and religion. According to 2005 survey, the
female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found ...
prevalence rate stands at 28% of all women in Senegal aged between 15 and 49.Female Genital Mutilation in Senegal
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany (September 2011)


History

The traditional division of labour in Senegal saw women responsible for household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They were also responsible for a large share of agricultural work, including weeding and harvesting, for such common crops as rice. Women of the nobility used to be influential in political scenes. This is partly because matrilineage was the means for a prince to become king (particularly in the Wolof kingdoms). Such ''lingeer'' as
Yacine Boubou Yasin, Yassin, Yassine, Yacine or Yaseen may refer to: People * Yasin (name), an Arabic-based name * Yassin (name), an Arabic-based name * Yassine (name), an Arabic-based name * Yacine (name), an Arabic-based name * Yaşın (name), a Turkish-based ...
, Ndate Yalla and her sister Njembeut Mbodji are hailed as inspirations for contemporary Senegalese women. In recent decades, economic change and urbanization has led to many young men migrating to the cities, such as Dakar. Rural women have become increasingly involved in managing village forestry resources and operating millet and rice mills. The government's rural development agency aims to organize village women and involve them more actively in the development process. Women play a prominent role in village health committees and prenatal and postnatal programs. In urban areas, despite women's second-class status within Islam, cultural change has led to women entering the labour market as office and retail clerks, domestic workers and unskilled workers in textile mills and tuna-canning factories. Non-government organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many. Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, Senegalese feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights.


Women's rights

Women in Senegal face a number of disparities in their social status. Women have high rates of illiteracy. They make up less than 10% of the formal labour force.
Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found ...
is a persistent practise in some rural areas, despite being outlawed by the constitution of 2001. Women's legal rights are similar via polygyny marriages, and Islamic law involving property ownership.


Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found ...
is present in Senegal."FGC Prevalence Rates Diagram"
African Women's Health Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, accessed 7 September 2011.
According to 2005 survey, the FGM prevalence rate is 28% of all women aged between 15 and 49. There are significant differences in regional prevalence. FGM is most widespread in the Southern Senegal (94% in Kolda Region) and in Northeastern Senegal (93% in Matam Region). FGM rates are lower in other regions: Tambacounda (86%), Ziguinchor (69%), and less than 5% in Diourbel and Louga Regions. Senegal is 94% Muslim (FGM is not an Islamic practice) The FGM prevalence rate varies by religion: 29% of Muslim women have undergone FGM, 16% of Animists, and 11% of Christian women.FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING: A Statistical Exploration
UNICEF (2010); see Table 1C, page 34


Notable people


Religious figures

*
Mame Diarra Bousso Mame Diarra Bousso (1833–1866) is a Sufi saint from Senegal. The annual pilgrimage to the site of her death and mausoleum is the only Muslim pilgrimage dedicated to a woman in Senegal. She was the mother of Ahmadou Bamba. Biography Bousso was bor ...


Female politicians

* Ndoumbe NdiayeThioumbe Samb
Mame Yacine Diagne MAME (formerly an acronym of Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator designed to recreate the hardware of arcade game systems in software on modern personal computers and other platforms. Its intention is to preserve ...
Aline Sitoé Diatta Aline Sitoe Diatta (also Aline Sitow Diatta or Alyn Sytoe Jata; 1920 – 22 May 1944) was a Senegalese heroine of the opposition to the French colonial empire, and a strong young female symbol of resistance and liberty. A Jola leader of a local re ...
Arame DieneCaroline FayeAnne Marie SohaiLena Diagne
Awa Dia Thiam Awa (or variants) may refer to: People * Awa (given name), notable people named Awa or Hawa * Awá (Brazil), an indigenous people of Brazil * Awa-Kwaiker, an indigenous people of Colombia and Ecuador Languages * Awa language (China) or Wa (Va) la ...
Mame Madior BoyeMarie-Angélique SavanéAwa Marie Coll SeckAminata TallNdaté YallaAminata Mbengue Ndiaye
Penda Mbow Penda (died 15 November 655)Manuscript A of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' gives the year as 655. Bede also gives the year as 655 and specifies a date, 15 November. R. L. Poole (''Studies in Chronology and History'', 1934) put forward the theor ...
Safiatou Thiam
Aïda Mbodj ''Aida'' (or ''Aïda'', ) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, it was commissioned by Cairo's Khedivial Opera House and had its première there on 24 December 1 ...
Ndeye Fatou BaLena Diagne
Gnagna Thouré Gnagna is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, and is in Est Region. The capital of Gnagna is Bogandé. The population of Gnagna in 2019 was 675,897. Subdivision Gnagna is divided into 7 departments: References See also * Regions of B ...
Arame Ndoye Arame Ndoye is a Senegal, Senegalese politician. She held the office of Minister of Planning and Local Government within the Abdoul Mbaye, Mbaye Government. Biography Ndoye is a graduate of the École supérieure de gestion et de finance in Paris ...


Scientists

* Awa Marie Coll Seck
Rose Dieng-Kuntz Rose Dieng-Kuntz (1956–2008) was a Senegalese computer scientist specializing in artificial intelligence. She was the first African woman to enroll in the École polytechnique. Life and career Her area of specialization for her PhD was the sp ...
Penda Mbow Penda (died 15 November 655)Manuscript A of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' gives the year as 655. Bede also gives the year as 655 and specifies a date, 15 November. R. L. Poole (''Studies in Chronology and History'', 1934) put forward the theor ...
Safiatou Thiam


Female writers

* Mariama Bâ
Mariama Barry Mariama Barry is a Senegalese novelist, specializing in autobiographical fiction. Born in Dakar, she spent her teenage years in Guinea before settling in France, where she is also a practicing lawyer. Her first book, ''La petite Peule'', was publi ...
Ndèye Coumba Mbengue Diakhaté
Sokhna Benga Sokhna Benga (Mbengue) (born 12 December 1967, in Dakar) is a Senegalese novelist and poet. She writes in French. Biography Sokhna Benga grew up in a Muslim family. She studied at Dakar University, Senegal, earning a master's degree in Busines ...
Jacqueline Fatima Bocoum Jacqueline Fatima Bocoum is a former journalistAgence de Presse Sénégalaise
(Retrieved : 10 M ...
Ken Bugul Ken Bugul (born 1947 in Ndoucoumane) is the pen name of Senegalese Francophone novelist Mariètou Mbaye Biléoma.'Bugul, Ken', in Simon Gikandi (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of African Literature''. Routledge; 2002. In the Wolof language, her pen name ...
Aïssatou Cissé
Fama Diagne Sène Fama Diagne Sène (born 1969, Thiès) is a Senegalese writer. Educated in Thiès, she became a teacher there. Ken Bugul listed her among "illustrious women" in Senegalese literature. In 1997, she won the presidential award for art and literatur ...
Nafissatou Niang Diallo Nafissatou Niang Diallo (11 March 1941 – 1982) was a Senegalese writer who wrote in French. After studying in Toulouse, France, she began writing. She was active in social services both as a midwife and as director of a maternal and child he ...
Aïssatou Diamanka-Besland Aïssatou Diamanka-Besland is a Senegalese writer. She writes about immigration in France and Africa . She is a French-Senegalese citizen and she was born in 1972 in Pikine, Senegal. At the age of 12 to 13 she begins to write her first texts and sh ...
Mame Younousse DiengFatou Diome
Khadi Fall Khadidjatou Fall, generally called Khadi Fall (born 1948), is a Senegalese author and former government minister. She came from an educated family who spoke the Wolof language. Thanks in part to their efforts she went to some of Senegal's finer s ...
Khadi Hane Khadi (, ), derived from khaddar, is a hand-spun and woven natural fibre cloth promoted by Mahatma Gandhi as ''swadeshi'' (self-sufficiency) for the freedom struggle of the Indian subcontinent, and the term is used throughout India, Pakis ...
Aminata Maïga Ka
Ndèye Fatou Kane Ndèye Fatou Kane (born 23 November 1986 in Dakar) is a Senegalese novelist and feminist. Biography She is the granddaughter of Senegalese writer Cheikh Hamidou Kane. She studied transport and international logistics. In 2014, she released her fi ...
Annette Mbaye d'Erneville Annette Mbaye d’Erneville (born 23 June 1926) is a Senegalese writer. She is the mother of filmmaker Ousmane William Mbaye, and was the subject of his 2008 documentary film, '' Mère-Bi''. Career Born in 1926 in Sokone, Senegal, and educated lo ...
Aminata Sow FallFatou Ndiaye Sow
Mariama Ndoye Mariama Ndoye-Mbengue (born 1953) is a Senegalese writer born Mariama Ndoye. She became "Ndoye-Mbengue" on marriage. She has a doctorate in French language and literature. She has received awards for her short-stories and novels. For a period until ...
Mame Seck Mbacké Mame Seck Mbacké (October 1947 – December 24, 2018) was a Senegalese writer. She wrote in French and in Wolof. Biography She was born in Gossas. Mbacké studied Social and Economic Development at the Institute of Higher International Studie ...
Khady Sylla Khady Sylla (Dakar, March 27, 1963 – Dakar, October 8, 2013) was a Senegalese writer of two novels, short work, and filmmaker. Life Born in Dakar, she studied at the ''École Normale Supérieure'' where she became interested in a literary caree ...
Abibatou Traoré- Rahmatou Seck Samb
Nafissatou Dia Diouf Nafissatou Dia Diouf (born September 11, 1973 in Dakar) is a Senegalese writer in French. Her father was a diplomat and her mother was a teacher. She attended the Michel de Montaigne University Bordeaux 3 Bordeaux Montaigne University ( Fren ...
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Filmmakers

*
Laurence Attali Laurence is an English and French given name (usually female in French and usually male in English). The English masculine name is a variant of Lawrence and it originates from a French form of the Latin ''Laurentius'', a name meaning "man from ...
Angèle Diabang Brener Angèle Diabang Brener is a Senegalese screenwriter, director and film producer. Early life and education Angèle Diabang Brener was born in Dakar in 1979. Her training and education in film making took place in Dakar at the Média Centre de Daka ...
Safi FayeDyana Gaye
Khady Sylla Khady Sylla (Dakar, March 27, 1963 – Dakar, October 8, 2013) was a Senegalese writer of two novels, short work, and filmmaker. Life Born in Dakar, she studied at the ''École Normale Supérieure'' where she became interested in a literary caree ...
Aïcha Thiam Aïcha Thiam (born 27 October 1979) is a Belgian-Senegalese film director. Biography Thiam was born in 1979 in Antwerp, the daughter of a Senegalese father and Malian mother. She lived in Antwerp for her first three years before moving to Seneg ...
Sokhna Amar Al-'Ain al-Sokhna ( ar, العين السخنة, al-ʿAyn as-Sukhna , "the Hot Spring") is a town in the Suez Governorate, lying on the western shore of the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez. It is situated south of Suez and approximately east of Cai ...


Stylists

* Oumou Sy
Koukou Kane Koukou may refer to: People * Emperor Kōkō (830–887), 58th emperor of Japan * George Koukou (born 1945), Liberian politician * Djiman Koukou (born 1990), Beninese footballer Places * Kuku, Algeria * Kingdom of Kuku, a medieval Berber kingdo ...
Collé Ardo Sow Colle or Collé (French word meaning "glue", Italian word meaning "hill") may refer to: Places Canada * Lacolle, municipality in the Quebec province France * La Colle-sur-Loup, municipality in the Alpes-Maritimes department Italy ;Municipaliti ...
Adama Paris Adama Paris during Fashion Week Nov 2016 Adama Amanda Ndiaye is a Senegalese fashion designer. She also goes by the name Adama Paris, which is also the name of the label she owns and operates. Her pieces, which are manufactured in Morocco, can ...
Diouma Dieng DiakhatéJoelle Le Bussy – Nafissatou Diop


Choreographers

*
Germaine Acogny Germaine Acogny (born 1944) is a Senegalese dancer and choreographer. She is responsible for developing "African Dance", as well as the creation of several dance schools in both France and Senegal. She has been decorated by both countries, includ ...


Singers

* Fambaye Issa Diop
Adja Mbana Diop Adja may refer to: * Aja people of west Africa, mainly residents of Benin * Abbreviation of Adjassou-Linguetor, a loa in the religion of West African Vodun {{Disambig ...
Adja Khar Mbaye Adja may refer to: * Aja people of west Africa, mainly residents of Benin * Abbreviation of Adjassou-Linguetor, a loa in the religion of West African Vodun {{Disambig ...
Coumba Gawlo Seck
Diarra Diarra is a French translation of the clan name Jara used in West Africa, as a hangover from the French colonial empire in that region. It originates from the Bambara language word ''jara'', meaning lion, synonymous with waraba. The Kingdom of ...
Viviane Ndour - Diabou Samb -
Kine Lam Kine or KINE may refer to: Radio and TV stations * KINE-FM, a radio station (105.1 FM) licensed to Honolulu, Hawaii, United States * KINE (AM), a radio station (1330 AM) licensed to Kingsville, Texas, United States * KINE-LP, a defunct low-powe ...
Daro Mbaye The Daro District is a district in Mukah Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The district contains the eponymous town of Daro. The nearest town to Daro is Matu. Daro is administered under the Majlis Daerah Matu-Daro (Matu-Daro District Council), whic ...
Ndeye Mbaye


Athletes

* Senegal women's national basketball team *
Kene Ndoye Kene is a given name and surname of various origins. Notable people with this name include: *Kene Eze (born 1992), American soccer player *Kene Holliday (born 1949), American actor *Kéné Ndoye (born 1978), Senegalese athlete *Kene Nwangwu (bor ...
Amy Mbacké Thiam


Others

*
Oulimata Sarr Oulimata Sarr is a Senegalese politician who served as Minister of Economy, Planning and Cooperation of Senegal from September 2022 to October 2023. From 2019 to 2022, she served as Regional Director for UN Women, the United Nations entity mandat ...


See also

*
Levirate marriage Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow. Levirate marriage has been practiced by societies with a strong clan structure in which exogamous marriage (i.e. marriage out ...
* Health in Senegal * Education in Senegal


Bibliography

* Bettina Marcinowski, ''Die Frau in Afrika : Unters. zum schwarzafrikan. frankophonen Roman Kameruns u. Senegals'', Francfort et Berne, Lang, 1982, 246 p. (version abrégée d'une thèse de l'Université de Fribourg, 1981 *Isabelle Guérin, « Women and Money: Lessons from Senegal », ''Development and Change'', 2006, 37 (3), p. 549–570. *Lisa McNee, ''Selfish Gifts: Senegalese Women's Autobiographical Discourses'', State University of New York, 2000, 197 p.  *Kathleen Sheldon, ''Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa'', The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005, 448 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * ''Femmes en politique : l'expérience dans cinq pays : Sénégal, Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Mali'', Dakar, Éditions Démocraties africaines, 1999 ou 2000, 151 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * Hélène Bouchard et Chantal Rondeau, ''Commerçantes et épouses à Dakar et Bamako. La réussite par le commerce'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007, 436 p.  * May Clarkson, ''La femme Bedik. Mariage et procréation, approche ethno-démographique à un problème de micro-évolution'', Université de Montréal, 1977 (M.Sc.) * Katy Cissé Wone, « Le passé politique des femmes : une trajectoire ambiguë », ''Démocraties africaines'', n° 5, 1996/03, p. 47-51 * Marina Co Trung Yung, ''Des enquêtes sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 1960'', Paris, Université de Paris I, 1980 (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies) * Sidy Diallo, ''Contribution à l'étude du phénomène de la migration au Sénégal : les jeunes filles sereer et diola à Dakar'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1981, 104 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Nafissatou Diop, ''La fécondité des adolescentes au Sénégal'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Adama Diouf, ''L’éducation des filles dans les quatre communes fin du XIXe-1920. Le cas de Rufisque'', Université de Dakar, 1998, 103 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Hadiza Djibo, ''La participation des femmes africaines à la vie politique : les exemples du Sénégal et du Niger'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 426 p.  * Colette Le Cour Grandmaison, ''Rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation. Lébou et wolof de Dakar'', Paris, EPHE, 1970, 4+310+23 p. (Thèse de 3e cycle, publiée en 1972 sous le titre "Femmes dakaroises : rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation", Abidjan, ''Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan'', 249 p.) * Awa Kane Ly, ''La femme haal-pulaar au Fuuta Tooro'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1980, 158 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Khalifa Mbengue, ''Stratégies de communication en planification familiale : Campagne d'information Sénégal (1988–1989)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (MSc.) * Gora Mboup, ''Étude des déterminants socio-économiques et culturels de la fécondité au Sénégal à partir de l'enquête sénégalaise sur la fécondité (ESF, 1978) et l'enquête démographique et de santé (EDS, 1986)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Maty Ndiaye et Marina Co Trung Yung, ''La condition des femmes colonisées du Sénégal et du Soudan français'', Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1979, 413 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Oumy K. Ndiaye, ''Femmes sérères et projets de développement : exemple de la diffusion des foyers améliorés dans le Département de Fatick, Sénégal'', Université Laval, 1988 (M.A.) * Abdou Karim Ndoye, ''Facteurs socio-économiques et réussite scolaire des filles en fin d'enseignement élémentaire : cas de deux régions du Sénégal'', Dakar?, Rapport d'étude UEPA, 2002, 136 p.  * Mame Fama Niang, ''Situation de la femme musulmane au Sénégal'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1979, 95 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Dauphine Ravololomanikara, ''Le rôle et la place de la femme dans quelques romans sénégalais'', University of British Columbia, 1974 (M.A.) * Ahmed Rufa'i, ''L'image de la femme africaine dans l'œuvre d'Ousmane Sembène'', Université de Sherbrooke, 1983 (M.A.) * Marie-Angélique Savané, ''Les projets pour les femmes en milieu rural au Sénégal'', Genève, Bureau International du Travail, 1983, 139 p.  * F. Sow, ''Le pouvoir économique des femmes dans le département de Podor'', Saint-Louis, SAED, 1990 * F. Sow, (sous la direction de), ''Les femmes sénégalaises à l'horizon 2015'', Dakar, Ministère de la Femme, de l'Enfant et de la Famille, République du Sénégal, 1993 * Papa Sow, « Les récolteuses de sel du lac Rose (Sénégal) : Histoire d'une innovation sociale féminine », ''Géographie et cultures'', 2002, n° 41, p. 93-113


Filmography

* ''Traumatisme de la femme face à la polygamie'' ( Ousmane Sembène, 1969) * '' Moolaadé'' (Ousmane Sembène, 2004) * ''Mon beau sourire'' (
Angèle Diabang Brener Angèle Diabang Brener is a Senegalese screenwriter, director and film producer. Early life and education Angèle Diabang Brener was born in Dakar in 1979. Her training and education in film making took place in Dakar at the Média Centre de Daka ...
, 2005) * ''Sénégalaises et islam'' (Angèle Diabang Brener, (2007)


References


External links


Femmes écrivains et littératures africaines

« Le vote des femmes au Sénégal »
(article dans '' Éthiopiques'', n° 6, 1976)
''Contribution à la réflexion sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 2001''
Seynabou Ndiaye Sylla, mémoire de DEA, Université de Paris I, 2001)
« L'Islam et la femme sénégalaise »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 66–67, 1e et 2e semestres 2001)
« L'émergence d'une écriture féministe au Sénégal et au Québec »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 74, 1er semestre 2005) {{Senegal topics Senegal